An Analysis of Monopolistic and Competitive Take‐Back Schemes for WEEE Recycling

We study two prevailing types of take‐back schemes for electrical and electronic equipment waste recycling: monopolistic and competitive. We address key market and operating factors that make one scheme preferable to the other from the viewpoints of recyclers, manufacturers, and consumers. To this end, we model competitive decision making in both take‐back schemes as two‐stage sequential games between competing manufacturers and recyclers. Deriving and computing equilibria, we find that the competitive take‐back scheme often accomplishes a win–win situation, that is, lower product prices, and higher recycler and manufacturer profits. Exceptionally, recyclers prefer the monopolistic scheme when the substitutability level between the manufacturers' original products is high or economies of scale in recycling are very strong. We show that consolidation of the recycling industry could benefit all stakeholders when the economies of scale in recycling are strong, provided that manufacturer's products are not highly substitutable. Higher collection rates also render recycler consolidation desirable for all stakeholders. We also identify a potential free rider problem in the monopolistic scheme when recyclers differ in operational efficiency, and propose mechanisms to eliminate the discrepancy. We show that our results and insights are robust to the degree of competition within the recycling industry.     

“进步”与“终结”:向死而生的艺术及其在今天的命运

艺术的"进步"是一个古老的话题,面对当代艺术的挑战,它又成了一个新问题。我们曾经在"技术"和"视觉的征服"意义上谈论进步。现代主义艺术的出现,使这种谈论方式变得过时,从而出现各种以表现论和符号论为基础的艺术理论。然而,现代主义理论在面临一些具体作品时,又遭遇了新的困境。分析美学则通过对艺术的新定义的寻求来克服这些解释的困难。如果说,现代主义艺术理论,是众多现代美学家借助康德体系而对艺术所作的解释努力的话,那么,丹托等人则借助黑格尔的"进化"思想,发展出了"艺术终结"的观念,并以此既克服康德的主体性,也克服分析美学的间接性。"艺术终结"实际上是一个夸大其辞的说法,其中有学术策略的成分,但也有真实的内容。在今天,我们可以通过对"艺术终结"观念的批判,将艺术的未来放到社会、时代、文明的命运,以及艺术家在艺术生产中的地位等角度来作深入的思考。     

康德德性论的价值

康德是一位真正文如其人的思想家。“普遍的立法形式”、“人是目的”、“意志自律”是康德的三条“道德律令”。虽然康德的德性论有过于理想化、抽象化、形式化诸方面的缺点 ,但是不影响其在伦理、思想史、哲学家思想史上具有卓越的地位 ,不影响其对于我国社会主义市场经济条件下的道德建设的指导意义。     

人与结构 ——结构主义对主体之人的终结

结构主义把自然科学的“结构”思想在人文科学领域作形而上学的误用，通过对语言、历史、人类心灵、知识文化的“结构”分析，实现了理论上的人与语言、历史、知识文化关系的颠倒，把人置于一个非主体的地位，并宣称传统人道主义的人已死亡、终结，希图以此拯救传统人道主义造成的现代性困境。然而，结构主义思想在理论上是不完善的，且对人“理论上”的结构化、物化理解，将加剧主体人“事实上”的僵化以至终结。     

哲学对艺术的剥夺和艺术的终结——丹托早期的艺术哲学发展思路

阿瑟.丹托的两篇论文《哲学对艺术的剥夺》与《艺术的终结》是丹托早期艺术哲学思想发展的投射。前者通过哲学对艺术的剥夺,给出了艺术的出路在于艺术哲学;后者则是从认知和发展观出发,得出艺术史终结的必然。由此看出,丹托艺术哲学具有本质主义与历史主义双重属性。     

电商与快递跨界经营的理论基础与现实分析

电商诉求摆脱快递制约造成的“短板”效应跨界快递，快递谋求新的“利润源”跨界电商，电商与快递的跨界经营成为网购业的“新常态”。供应链销售端上下游的竞合关系为两者跨界提供了理论基础，但现实中双方的跨界行为又面临诸多风险和挑战，跨界并非所有企业最好的选择，不同企业应根据自身情况选择跨界与否及采用什么模式跨界。在中国网购市场增速趋缓但依然保持较高增长的情况下，电商与快递的跨界经营还将持续一段时间，但电商与快递行业内外洗牌趋势势不可挡，两者的跨界最终将演变为融合。     

Joint analysis of longitudinal data comprising repeated measures and times to events

In biomedical and public health research, both repeated measures of biomarkers Y as well as times T to key clinical events are often collected for a subject. The scientific question is how the distribution of the responses [ T , Y | X ] changes with covariates X . [ T | X ] may be the focus of the estimation where Y can be used as a surrogate for T . Alternatively, T may be the time to drop-out in a study in which [ Y | X ] is the target for estimation. Also, the focus of a study might be on the effects of covariates X on both T and Y or on some underlying latent variable which is thought to be manifested in the observable outcomes. In this paper, we present a general model for the joint analysis of [ T , Y | X ] and apply the model to estimate [ T | X ] and other related functionals by using the relevant information in both T and Y . We adopt a latent variable formulation like that of Fawcett and Thomas and use it to estimate several quantities of clinical relevance to determine the efficacy of a treatment in a clinical trial setting. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to estimate the model's parameters. We illustrate the methodology with an analysis of data from a clinical trial comparing risperidone with a placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia.     

C型主轴端部短锥法兰式联接分析

关于短锥法兰式C型主轴端部与花盘等机床附件的联接定位问题,目前尚未有统一的解释和确切的结论.本文对此联接状态进行定位分析和尺寸分析,得出正确结论.     

Issues in the design and analysis of therapeutic trials in human immunodeficiency virus infection

The first randomized trial of antiviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease included 282 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex and was stopped in 1986 after an average follow-up of 4 months because of a substantial reduction in mortality in the group who received zidovudine (AZT). The era of anti-HIV treatment had begun. This paper discusses some of the difficulties which have emerged over the subsequent 10 years as new anti-HIV drugs have been developed requiring evaluation in clinical trials. The trials in which the British Medical Research Council has played a major role (the Concorde, Alpha and Delta trials) and some of the key trials conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) (the ACTG 019 and ACTG 175 trials) and the Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) (the CPCRA 007 trial) in the US will be used to illustrate some of the issues faced by clinical trialists and governmental regulatory agencies in the evaluation of therapies for a disease which, in spite of advances in therapy, still has a high mortality.     

反驳实践美学终结论——与章辉先生商榷

在各种反实践美学的论文中,章辉的《实践美学一段问题史》是较有代表性的一篇,文章以当代西方美学思想为标准对实践美学进行了攻击,认为从时间标准来看,实践美学不具有现代性,因此是古典形态的美学;从空间标准来看,实践美学与西方当代美学潮流不符,又因为不能吸纳新的知识体系,因此实践美学到了终结的时候。这种分析既在逻辑上站不住脚,又不符合客观事实。实践美学正在发展,并未终结。